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#AceHistoryDesk – Today in History – After its first bid for statehood was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, Colorado entered the Union on August 1, 1876, the year the United States celebrated its centennial. Thus, the thirty-eighth state is known as the Centennial State.

Among the early inhabitants of the land encompassed by Colorado were the Anasazi cliff dwellers. They were forced by drought and other factors to abandon their Mesa Verde homes in the late 1200s. At the time of European exploration and settlement Colorado’s population was made up of Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Ute peoples. Their territory was explored by the Spanish who, after Napoleon’s conquest of Spain, turned over its title to the French.

The United States acquired the eastern part of Colorado in 1803 through the Louisiana Purchase and the western portion in 1848 through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In 1850, the federal government also purchased a Texas claim in Colorado. This combined property eventually became the Colorado Territory in 1861.

The 1858 discovery of gold caused a population influx in Colorado, just as it had in California in 1849. After Horace Greeley notified readers of the New-York Tribune of this news, as many as 5,000 miners per week poured into the territory. By 1900 gold production had reached over $20,000,000 annually at Cripple Creek, one of the world’s richest gold camps.

Colorado proved rich in other minerals as well, and smelting ores to separate gold and other valuable metals became commercially profitable. As late as the 1940s, mountain streams in Ouray County, Colorado, ran yellow because of the tailings from the gold mills, as documented by Farm Security Administration photographer Russell Lee.

Railroad lines with names such as the Denver, Cripple Creek and Southwestern Railroad brought even more travelers and settlers to Colorado. Railroad traveler Sue A. Pike Sanders recorded the following impressions in her journal of an overnight stay in Denver in the summer of 1886:

Denver is a beautiful city of some 75,000 inhabitants, built mostly of stone and brick. It contains the usual amount of fine buildings. One in particular we are lead to observe, and that, Tabor’s Opera House, the largest in the world, excepting one in Paris, France. This building cost $850,000. The County Court House occupies an entire block, with buildings and ground. There are two large smelting works here…

A Journey to, on and from the “Golden Shore,” by Sue A. Sanders. Delavan, Ill.: Times Printing Office, 1887. “California as I Saw It”: First-Person Narratives of California’s Early Years, 1849 to 1900. General Collectionsnone

Learn More

• Panoramic Maps includes early maps of a number of Colorado cities. Zoom in on an area of the map to see mining camps, smelters, railroads, hotels, houses, horse-drawn carriages, and much more in fine and accurate detail.
• Colorado is also known for the richness of its agricultural production, and its physical diversity and beauty. In 1891, President Benjamin Harrison set aside the White River Plateau Timber Land Reserve as the first national forest reserve in Colorado. For additional documents and images related to Colorado’s natural resources and their conservation, search on Colorado in The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920. Read, for example, the establishment of Rocky Mountain National Park.
• The Denver Public Library Digital Collections contain over 30,000 photographs which illustrate Colorado towns and landscape, document mining in the West, and show the lives of Native Americans from more than forty tribes. Search on the terms Arapaho, Cheyenne, or Ute to see images of these tribal peoples and landscapes which bear their names.
• Learn how travel and settlement paralleled the growth and development of the U.S. railroad system in Railroad Maps, 1828 to 1900. Browse the collection by geographic location, and select a state, such as Colorado, to view available maps.
• See two films set in Colorado in Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies. View Cripple Creek Bar-Room Scene and Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King.
• Listen to sound recordings collected from Spanish-speaking residents of Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico. Hispano Music & Culture from the Northern Rio Grande: The Juan B. Rael Collectioncontains, for example, Marcha de Napoleón (Napoleon’s March)played by residents of Antonito and Romeo, Colorado.
• Search across the photo and print collections on the term Colorado to see a wide range of historical images of the thirty-eighth state. See, for example, Lillies, Rose Album, and Looking for Lydia — quilts judged the Colorado State Winners of the All-American Quilt Contest in 1992, 1994, and 1996 respectively.
• Search on Colorado in National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection to find books and pamphlets related to the women’s suffrage movement in Colorado between 1868 and 1898.
• Search on Colorado in the“California as I Saw It”: First-Person Narratives of California’s Early Years, 1849 to 1900 collection to find first-person narratives about Colorado.

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